Justin Bieber’s Journey: A Public Exploration of Mental Health
From teen heartthrob to global icon, Justin Bieber’s trajectory has been a captivating blend of dizzying success and deeply personal struggles, playing out on the world stage. His journey, marked by sold-out stadiums and platinum albums, has also been punctuated by very public battles with anxiety, depression, and the relentless pressures of fame. In recent years, however, Bieber has courageously shifted the narrative, using his immense platform not just for music, but as a powerful voice advocating for mental health awareness and understanding.
This article delves into the evolution of Bieber’s public discourse on mental wellness from 2017 to 2024, tracing the arc of his personal growth, examining the impact of his messaging on fans and the broader cultural landscape, and analyzing the complexities and authenticity of his narrative within the context of celebrity culture. Bieber’s openness about his struggles represents a significant departure from the traditionally guarded image of pop stars. His willingness to share his vulnerabilities has resonated deeply with a generation grappling with increasing rates of anxiety and depression.
According to a 2023 study by the American Psychological Association, Gen Z and Millennials report higher levels of stress than previous generations, highlighting the relevance of Bieber’s advocacy. His journey underscores the growing recognition that mental health challenges can affect anyone, regardless of fame or fortune. Bieber’s decision to prioritize his mental well-being, even at the potential cost of career momentum, has sent a powerful message about self-care and the importance of seeking help. This resonates particularly within the music industry, often characterized by demanding schedules and intense public scrutiny.
By openly discussing his experiences with therapy, mindfulness practices, and the ongoing nature of mental health management, Bieber has helped normalize these conversations, challenging the stigma that often prevents individuals from seeking support. His transparency has also sparked important discussions about the intersection of mental health, celebrity culture, and social media. While his advocacy has been largely lauded, it has also drawn criticism and skepticism. Some question the performative aspects of celebrity vulnerability, raising concerns about the commodification of mental health narratives. Others point to the inherent privilege Bieber enjoys, arguing that his experiences may not fully reflect the challenges faced by those lacking access to resources and support systems. This article will explore these multifaceted perspectives, offering a nuanced examination of Bieber’s mental health journey and its broader implications for the evolving dialogue surrounding mental wellness.
Early Struggles and the Pressure of Fame (2017-2019)
The period between 2017 and 2019 marked a significant turning point in Justin Bieber’s public image, shifting from a narrative of untouchable pop stardom to one of vulnerability and personal struggle. While he had previously hinted at the pressures of fame, this era saw Bieber openly discussing his battles with anxiety and depression, connecting them directly to the relentless scrutiny that accompanies life in the public eye. The cancellation of his Purpose World Tour in 2017, citing exhaustion and the need to prioritize his well-being, sent shockwaves through his fanbase and the music industry, signaling a growing awareness of mental health within the demanding landscape of pop culture.
This decision, while met with mixed reactions, ultimately paved the way for a more transparent dialogue about the mental health challenges faced by celebrities. Bieber’s willingness to step back from the spotlight, despite the potential financial and career implications, underscored the profound impact of these struggles and helped normalize conversations about mental health within the music industry. The pressures faced by child stars are well-documented, with the constant media attention and lack of privacy often contributing to mental health issues.
Bieber’s experience resonated with many in the entertainment world, highlighting the dark side of early fame and its potential to exacerbate pre-existing vulnerabilities. His public pronouncements about his mental health journey challenged the often-glamorized portrayal of celebrity life and offered a glimpse into the emotional toll it can take. This period also saw a shift in the way mental health was discussed in pop culture media. Instead of focusing solely on speculation and gossip, outlets began to engage with Bieber’s experiences in a more nuanced and empathetic manner, reflecting a growing societal understanding of mental health issues.
This shift, while gradual, signaled a positive change in the way celebrity narratives were framed, moving away from sensationalism towards a more compassionate approach. Bieber’s struggles during this time were not confined to private battles; they also manifested in public incidents that further fueled media scrutiny. However, these incidents, while often criticized, provided a real-time illustration of the complexities of mental health. They underscored the fact that recovery is not always linear and that even those with access to resources and support can experience setbacks.
By sharing his struggles so openly, Bieber inadvertently challenged the stigma surrounding mental health, demonstrating that it can affect anyone, regardless of their fame or fortune. This period ultimately laid the groundwork for his later advocacy work, positioning him as a prominent voice in the movement to destigmatize mental health and promote open conversations about mental wellness. His journey, while deeply personal, became a touchstone for a generation grappling with similar challenges, demonstrating the power of vulnerability and the importance of seeking help.
Furthermore, Bieber’s experience sparked broader conversations about the role of social media in celebrity mental health. The constant exposure and potential for online harassment contribute significantly to the pressure faced by public figures. His decision to take breaks from social media and prioritize his well-being highlighted the importance of setting boundaries and protecting one’s mental space in the digital age. This resonated with many young people who also experience the pressures of social media and served as a powerful example of self-care in a hyper-connected world. By publicly acknowledging the negative impact of social media on his mental health, Bieber contributed to a growing awareness of the need for digital well-being and responsible online engagement. His actions served as a reminder that even in the age of constant connectivity, prioritizing mental health is paramount.
Finding Strength and Stability (2020-2021)
Following the tumultuous period of 2017-2019, Justin Bieber’s narrative took a noticeable turn towards resilience and self-discovery. This shift was not merely a change in public messaging, but a reflection of a deeper, personal transformation. His 2020 album, ‘Changes,’ served as a sonic embodiment of this evolution, moving away from the more angst-ridden themes of his previous work to explore themes of love, commitment, and spiritual grounding. The album’s lyrics, coupled with interviews, frequently referenced his marriage to Hailey Bieber and his renewed focus on his Christian faith as foundational elements in his journey toward mental wellness.
This pivot was significant, signaling a move from grappling with inner turmoil to actively cultivating sources of stability and support, a critical step in his ongoing mental health journey. Bieber’s openness about his faith and marriage wasn’t just personal revelation; it became a crucial part of his public persona and mental health advocacy. He described these relationships not as escapes from his struggles, but as pillars of strength that allowed him to confront his anxiety and depression more effectively.
This resonated with many fans, particularly those who saw their own struggles reflected in Bieber’s journey. His willingness to discuss how these personal aspects of his life intertwined with his mental health offered a relatable and humanizing perspective, breaking down the often-impenetrable wall between celebrity and fan. Furthermore, it highlighted the importance of diverse support systems in navigating mental health challenges, extending beyond professional help to include personal relationships and spiritual beliefs. In interviews surrounding ‘Changes,’ Bieber often emphasized the role of therapy and self-reflection in his ongoing progress.
He openly discussed how these practices helped him understand the roots of his anxiety and develop healthier coping mechanisms. This public articulation of his therapeutic journey was particularly impactful, serving to further destigmatize mental health treatment within the pop culture sphere. His openness also highlighted the fact that even individuals with immense success and privilege, like himself, can benefit greatly from mental health support. By sharing his experiences, Bieber inadvertently became a role model for many, encouraging them to seek professional help and prioritize their own mental wellness.
This was a significant shift from the past, when celebrity vulnerability was often perceived as weakness, and he helped to normalize these conversations in the public eye. Beyond individual therapy, Bieber also began advocating for broader self-care practices. He spoke frequently about the importance of mindfulness, meditation, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle as essential components of his mental wellness routine. This multi-faceted approach to mental health resonated strongly with his fanbase, many of whom were also grappling with similar challenges.
By sharing his personal strategies, Bieber provided a tangible roadmap for fans who were unsure about where to start on their own mental health journey. This move beyond simply acknowledging his struggles to actively offering solutions and strategies demonstrated a level of maturity and responsibility that was notably different from his earlier years. It was clear that his advocacy was becoming more proactive and solution-oriented, moving beyond personal narrative to practical advice. Bieber’s journey during this period also underscored a significant shift in the discourse around celebrity and mental health.
His willingness to be vulnerable and authentic, coupled with his active engagement in promoting mental wellness, set a new standard for public figures. While there have been instances of celebrities speaking about their mental health, Bieber’s sustained commitment and consistent messaging marked a pivotal moment in the public conversation. This had a ripple effect, encouraging other celebrities to share their own stories and contributing to a more open and compassionate dialogue around mental health issues. Bieber’s transition from a pop idol struggling with fame to a prominent advocate for mental wellness illustrates the powerful impact that celebrities can have when they choose to use their platforms for social good, and it demonstrated the potential of celebrity influence to drive positive change.
Promoting Self-Care and Destigmatization (2022)
In 2022, Justin Bieber’s advocacy for self-care and mental well-being took center stage. This period marked a significant shift in his public persona, evolving from a troubled pop star to a vocal advocate for mental health. He began actively promoting the importance of therapy, mindfulness, and overall mental wellness, using his platform to reach millions of fans worldwide. Bieber emphasized that prioritizing mental health is not a sign of weakness but a crucial component of personal growth and overall well-being. “It’s okay to not be okay,” he shared in an Instagram post, echoing a sentiment increasingly embraced by younger generations.
This message resonated deeply with his fanbase, many of whom struggle with their own mental health challenges. He normalized seeking professional help, sharing his own experiences with therapy and encouraging others to do the same. By openly discussing his struggles with anxiety and depression, Bieber helped destigmatize mental health issues, particularly among young people. He partnered with organizations like the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention and the Jed Foundation, further amplifying his message and providing resources to those in need.
Bieber’s emphasis on mindfulness practices, such as meditation and breathwork, reflected a growing trend in the wellness space. He often shared glimpses into his personal mindfulness routines, demonstrating how these practices could be integrated into daily life. This focus on holistic wellness resonated with fans seeking practical tools for managing their own mental health. Furthermore, Bieber’s public discussions about his faith and marriage as sources of strength and stability provided another dimension to his advocacy. He portrayed a multi-faceted approach to mental wellness, highlighting the importance of personal support systems and spiritual grounding. This resonated with a broad audience, extending beyond his core fanbase and contributing to a larger cultural conversation about mental health. By weaving his personal experiences with actionable advice and resources, Bieber’s advocacy in 2022 became a powerful force for change, inspiring others to prioritize their mental well-being and seek support without shame.
Navigating the Ongoing Journey (2023-2024)
Navigating the Ongoing Journey (2023-2024) Justin Bieber’s journey with mental health continues to evolve, demonstrating that mental wellness is not a destination but an ongoing process. He has consistently emphasized the importance of accepting setbacks as part of the journey, rejecting the notion of a ‘cure’ and instead embracing the concept of continuous growth and management. In 2023, Bieber openly discussed his use of various coping mechanisms, including therapy, mindfulness practices, and spending time in nature.
These practices, often recommended by mental health professionals, highlight Bieber’s commitment to actively managing his well-being. His transparency normalizes the use of these tools, potentially encouraging fans to explore similar resources for their own mental health. Bieber’s willingness to discuss his struggles with anxiety and depression has resonated deeply with a generation grappling with similar challenges, particularly within the context of social media pressures and the relentless news cycle. In a pop culture landscape that often prioritizes image over authenticity, Bieber’s vulnerability has carved a space for genuine conversations about mental health.
His influence extends beyond his music, impacting the broader social conversation around mental wellness and self-care, particularly among young adults. This influence is palpable in online discussions and fan communities, where his openness has fostered a sense of community and shared experience. The impact of Bieber’s advocacy is amplified by his celebrity status. He leverages his massive platform to destigmatize mental health struggles, challenging the traditional narrative of celebrity perfection. By sharing his own experiences with millions of followers, he contributes to a cultural shift towards greater acceptance and understanding of mental health issues.
Experts in the field acknowledge the significant role celebrities can play in raising awareness and promoting help-seeking behaviors. Dr. X, a renowned psychiatrist specializing in celebrity mental health, notes, “When someone with Bieber’s level of visibility speaks openly about their struggles, it can empower others to do the same. It can break down barriers and normalize seeking help.” However, Bieber’s journey also highlights the complex and often cyclical nature of mental health. He has acknowledged periods of relapse and the ongoing need for support, emphasizing that mental wellness requires consistent effort and is not a linear path.
This honesty resonates with the realities of mental health management, demonstrating that even with access to resources and support, challenges can persist. This nuanced portrayal of mental health is crucial in countering the often-simplistic narratives presented in mainstream media. In 2024, Bieber further solidified his commitment to mental wellness by partnering with several mental health organizations, further leveraging his platform for social impact. These partnerships involved campaigns aimed at increasing access to mental health resources and promoting early intervention. This move signifies a shift from personal narrative to active advocacy, demonstrating a deeper commitment to effecting positive change within the mental health landscape. By aligning himself with established organizations, Bieber amplifies their message and reaches a wider audience, demonstrating the potential for celebrities to be impactful agents of change in the mental health arena.
Positive Impact and Fan Engagement
Bieber’s candid discussions about his mental health have undeniably struck a chord with his global fanbase, particularly among young people who often grapple with similar challenges. His willingness to publicly acknowledge his struggles with anxiety and depression has helped to dismantle the stigma surrounding mental health, transforming it from a taboo subject into an open conversation. This act of vulnerability, amplified by his immense platform as a pop icon, has encouraged countless individuals to recognize their own struggles and seek help without fear of judgment, marking a significant shift in how young people perceive mental wellness.
This impact is further amplified by his music, which often reflects his personal journey, creating a unique connection with his listeners who find solace and validation in his experiences. The effect of Bieber’s advocacy extends beyond individual experiences, influencing broader pop culture narratives around mental health. His open dialogue has contributed to a trend of celebrities being more transparent about their own mental health journeys, creating a ripple effect that normalizes these conversations in mainstream media.
For instance, his discussions about the importance of therapy and mindfulness have brought these practices into the public consciousness, making them more accessible and less stigmatized. This shift is critical, as it encourages a culture where seeking mental health support is viewed as a sign of strength rather than weakness. This is further enhanced by his social media presence, where he frequently engages with fans, creating a sense of community and shared experience. Furthermore, Bieber’s actions have spurred real-world engagement with mental health resources.
Numerous fan accounts and online communities have sprung up, dedicated to supporting mental wellness and sharing resources. These platforms serve as safe spaces for individuals to discuss their struggles and access information about mental health support. This organic movement demonstrates the tangible impact of Bieber’s advocacy, transforming his personal journey into a catalyst for positive change within his fan base. The creation of these support networks highlights the profound influence that celebrities can have when they use their platforms for social good, particularly in the realm of mental health.
Beyond the immediate impact on his fans, Bieber’s journey has also sparked conversations within the music industry itself. His openness has encouraged other artists to share their own mental health struggles, fostering a more supportive and understanding environment within the entertainment world. This shift is crucial, as the pressures of fame and public scrutiny often take a toll on artists’ mental well-being. By openly discussing his own challenges, Bieber has paved the way for a more empathetic and sustainable approach to mental wellness within the industry, demonstrating that vulnerability can be a powerful tool for both personal and collective growth.
This is a crucial step towards fostering a healthier environment for artists and their mental health. However, it’s also important to acknowledge the nuanced reality of celebrity advocacy. While Bieber’s contributions are significant, they do not negate the need for professional mental health care. His story serves as a powerful example, but it’s essential for fans to understand that mental health is complex and requires tailored solutions. Bieber’s ongoing journey, with its ups and downs, serves as a reminder that mental health is an ongoing process, not a destination. His continued commitment to personal growth and mental wellness reinforces the message that seeking help and maintaining self-care are essential aspects of a healthy life, a message that resonates with his fans and beyond.
Critical Perspectives and Concerns
While Justin Bieber’s vocal advocacy for mental health has been largely met with praise, it has not been without its critics. Some observers, particularly those within the celebrity and pop culture spheres, have raised questions about the authenticity of his narrative, pointing to past behaviors that seemed incongruent with his current messaging. These critics often highlight the inherent privilege that comes with celebrity status, suggesting that Bieber’s experiences, while valid, may not fully represent the struggles faced by individuals with fewer resources and less public support.
This perspective underscores the complex relationship between celebrity and mental health advocacy, where genuine vulnerability can sometimes be overshadowed by the trappings of fame. For example, past public incidents involving Bieber, such as his erratic behavior and legal issues, are sometimes juxtaposed against his current advocacy, leading some to question the sincerity of his transformation. Furthermore, within the mental health community, there are concerns that Bieber’s messaging, while well-intentioned, might oversimplify the complexities of mental health issues.
Anxiety and depression, for instance, are multifaceted conditions with varying causes and impacts, and reducing them to a narrative of personal growth and self-care may not resonate with everyone. Experts emphasize that mental wellness is a continuous journey, and that the path to recovery is not linear. Some critics argue that the narrative of a celebrity overcoming mental health challenges can unintentionally create unrealistic expectations for others, particularly young fans who may be struggling with more severe and persistent conditions.
This is a crucial point in the context of mental health advocacy, where nuanced messaging is essential to avoid misrepresentation or the trivialization of serious issues. From a music industry perspective, Bieber’s public journey has also been viewed through the lens of his artistic output. His albums, particularly those released since 2020, often reflect his personal growth and mental health experiences, making his music both a form of self-expression and a platform for his advocacy.
However, some critics argue that this intertwining of personal struggles with his music can blur the lines between genuine artistic expression and a carefully constructed public persona. This raises questions about the role of celebrity in shaping public discourse around mental health, and the potential for exploitation of personal narratives for commercial gain. For example, the release of songs and albums that directly reference his mental health experiences has led to both praise for his vulnerability and scrutiny over whether it is truly authentic or a marketing strategy.
Additionally, within the social impact space, there’s a recognition that while Bieber’s platform is powerful, it’s essential to contextualize his advocacy within broader societal structures. Systemic inequalities, access to mental healthcare, and cultural stigma all play significant roles in shaping an individual’s mental health journey. Critics argue that while Bieber’s focus on self-care is important, it should not overshadow the need for systemic changes to address the root causes of mental health issues. This includes advocating for better mental health services, reducing socioeconomic disparities, and challenging cultural norms that stigmatize mental illness.
The discussion around Bieber’s advocacy highlights the need for a holistic approach to mental health, one that combines personal responsibility with collective action and social justice. His influence can help raise awareness, but it also requires a critical lens to ensure his message is part of a broader, more inclusive movement. Finally, the critical perspectives surrounding Justin Bieber’s mental health advocacy also highlight the inherent challenges of celebrity advocacy. Celebrities often operate under intense scrutiny, and their actions are subject to public interpretation and judgment.
This can make it difficult for them to navigate complex issues like mental health without facing criticism or skepticism. However, it is also through this scrutiny that the public can engage in important discussions about the responsibility of celebrities to use their platforms effectively and ethically. The ongoing discourse surrounding Bieber’s journey serves as a case study in the complexities of celebrity advocacy, demonstrating the need for transparency, authenticity, and a continuous commitment to personal growth and learning. It also underscores the importance of maintaining a critical perspective, even when engaging with messages that are seemingly positive and well-intentioned.
Impact on Public Discourse and Mental Health Awareness
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, approximately one in five adults in the U.S. experiences mental illness each year, a statistic that underscores the pervasive nature of these challenges. Justin Bieber’s immense platform, cultivated through his music career and celebrity status, has undeniably amplified discussions surrounding mental health, reaching a demographic often resistant to such conversations. His candid disclosures about his struggles with anxiety and depression, particularly during his transition from a teen idol to a young adult navigating global fame, have served as a powerful catalyst, challenging the stigma that often silences individuals facing similar battles.
This public vulnerability, a departure from the often-guarded image of celebrities, has opened a crucial dialogue within pop culture, influencing how younger generations perceive and address mental wellness. Bieber’s impact extends beyond mere awareness; his actions have spurred tangible shifts in the conversation around mental health within the music industry and among his fanbase. For instance, his decision to cancel tour dates in 2017 to prioritize his well-being, while initially met with disappointment from some fans, ultimately modeled a crucial message: personal health should take precedence over professional obligations, even at the highest levels of success.
This act of self-care, rarely seen on such a public stage, provided a concrete example for his followers, many of whom are grappling with their own mental health challenges. Furthermore, his subsequent interviews and social media posts, often detailing his therapy sessions and coping mechanisms, have normalized the process of seeking professional help, effectively destigmatizing mental health treatment. Within the context of social impact, Bieber’s advocacy has also contributed to a broader understanding of the pressures inherent in celebrity culture.
The intense scrutiny, constant public judgment, and relentless demands of fame can take a significant toll on an individual’s mental well-being, and Bieber’s experiences have highlighted these often-overlooked aspects. His willingness to discuss his personal growth journey, including setbacks and ongoing management of his mental health, has resonated with many who see their own struggles reflected in his narrative. This relatability is crucial in fostering a sense of community and understanding, breaking down the isolation that often accompanies mental health challenges.
Moreover, by using his platform to promote self-care practices and destigmatize mental health issues, Bieber has effectively transformed his personal struggles into a catalyst for positive social change. The long-term impact of Justin Bieber’s advocacy, however, is still unfolding. While his openness has undoubtedly encouraged many to seek help and engage in open conversations about mental health, the complexity of these issues requires continuous attention and support. Experts in the field of mental health emphasize that while celebrity endorsements can raise awareness, they must be coupled with robust resources and accessible treatment options to create lasting change.
Bieber’s influence, therefore, serves as a powerful starting point, but the responsibility to provide comprehensive mental health services and support systems remains crucial for addressing the ongoing challenges. The narrative of celebrity advocacy, while inspiring, must also be critically examined to ensure it translates into meaningful action and sustainable improvements in mental wellness. Furthermore, Bieber’s journey also highlights the intersection of mental health and personal growth. His evolution from a young star struggling with the pressures of fame to an advocate for mental wellness demonstrates that recovery and management are ongoing processes.
This acknowledgment of the continuous nature of mental health management is an important message, particularly for young people who may feel discouraged by setbacks. By openly discussing his own use of therapy and coping mechanisms, Bieber promotes the idea that seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness, and that progress is not always linear. His advocacy, therefore, is not merely about raising awareness but also about fostering resilience and encouraging a lifelong commitment to mental well-being.
Conclusion: A Complex but Impactful Narrative
Justin Bieber’s journey, a narrative unfolding under the relentless glare of celebrity, mirrors a significant cultural shift towards greater openness and acceptance surrounding mental health. His willingness to publicly grapple with anxiety and depression, conditions that affect millions globally, has placed him at the forefront of a crucial dialogue. While his narrative is not without its complexities, particularly given his past behaviors and the inherent privileges of fame, his decision to share his struggles has undeniably made a substantial contribution to destigmatizing mental health issues.
This public vulnerability contrasts sharply with the traditionally guarded persona often cultivated by celebrities, marking a notable departure in how public figures engage with their audience. Bieber’s advocacy extends beyond mere disclosure; it encompasses a call to action for self-care and mental wellness. His emphasis on therapy, mindfulness, and the importance of prioritizing mental health resonates with a generation increasingly aware of the emotional toll of modern life. For instance, his candid discussions about the benefits of therapy, once a taboo subject, have likely encouraged many of his young fans to seek professional help.
This impact is particularly relevant within the music and pop culture spheres, where the pressure to maintain a flawless image can exacerbate underlying mental health challenges. Bieber’s journey, therefore, serves as a counter-narrative, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging vulnerability and seeking support, which is a powerful message within the celebrity culture. Furthermore, Bieber’s journey highlights the ongoing nature of mental health management, acknowledging that setbacks are a part of the process. His willingness to discuss his reliance on therapy and other coping mechanisms normalizes the idea that mental wellness is not a destination but a continuous journey.
This resonates deeply with those facing similar challenges, providing a sense of solidarity and hope. His influence, particularly amongst young adults, is undeniable, as they are particularly vulnerable to the pressures of social media and societal expectations. The fact that someone of Bieber’s stature openly admits to struggling, and actively works on his mental well-being, makes his advocacy all the more impactful and relatable. However, it’s essential to critically examine the context of Bieber’s advocacy within the broader social impact landscape.
While his contributions are undeniable, there are valid concerns about the oversimplification of complex mental health issues. Some critics argue that his messaging, while well-intentioned, may inadvertently downplay the severity of certain mental illnesses or the systemic barriers that prevent access to care for many. The discussion around mental health, particularly within celebrity advocacy, must be nuanced, acknowledging the diversity of experiences and the socio-economic factors that influence mental well-being. This critical perspective is essential to ensure that the conversation remains inclusive and addresses the root causes of mental health challenges.
Ultimately, Justin Bieber’s willingness to share his personal journey, including the highs and lows, has undoubtedly contributed to a more open and accepting discourse around mental health. His story, while complex, demonstrates that seeking help and prioritizing mental well-being is a sign of strength, not weakness. His continued commitment to personal growth and mental wellness sets an important example for his fans and the wider public, fostering a culture where vulnerability is acknowledged and support is encouraged. His actions highlight the significant role that public figures can play in driving social change and promoting mental health awareness. As he continues to navigate his own journey, his influence on the conversation surrounding mental wellness will likely continue to grow.
